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Linux Tutorial

Users, Groups and Permissions

Understand ownership, rwx permissions, chmod, chown and least-privilege habits.

Concept

Linux permissions are defined for owner, group and others. Read, write and execute bits have different meanings depending on whether the target is a regular file or directory.

Avoid using broad permissions such as 777 as a default fix. Change only the permission or ownership needed for the task.

Example

ls -l notes.txt
chmod u+rw,go-rwx notes.txt
ls -l notes.txt
Type the example yourself and change at least one value. Small experiments reveal syntax and behavior faster than passive reading.

Practice Tasks

  1. Create a private file readable only by its owner.
  2. Inspect your current groups.
  3. Explain the difference between execute permission on a file and directory.

Key Takeaways

  • Permissions follow owner/group/others scopes.
  • Least privilege is safer than broad access.
  • Ownership and mode are separate controls.
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